Rabu, 19 Desember 2012

MAKALAH Budaya Ekonomi Digital Kalangan Masyarakat Menengah KeAtas


Mata Kuliah  :  Ilmu Budaya Dasar
Dosen : Muhammad Burhan Amin

Topik Makalah
Budaya Ekonomi Digital Kalangan Masyarakat Menengah KeAtas

 

Kelas  :  1-ID08

Tanggal Penyerahan Makalah : 22 November 2012
Tanggal Upload Makalah  :  23 November 2012


P E R N Y A T A A N


Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa seluruh pekerjaan dalam penyusunan makalah ini saya buat sendiri tanpa meniru atau mengutip dari tim / pihak lain.

Apabila terbukti tidak benar, saya siap menerima konsekuensi untuk mendapat nilai 1/100 untuk mata kuliah ini.

P e n y u s u n



N P M
Nama Lengkap
Tanda Tangan
32412608
Faddilah Ridwan Fiqih




Kata Pengantar

Assalammualaikum wr wb, puji dan syukur saya ucapkan kepada Allah SWT karena telah diberikan kesehatan dan kesempatan untuk saya menyelesaikan penyusunan makalah ini yang berjudul “Budaya Ekonomi Digital Kalangan Masyarakat Menengah KeAtas”.

Makalah yang saya susun ini membahas tentang pengertian “Budaya Ekonomi Digital Kalangan Masyarakat Menengah KeAtas” . Dengan tersusunnya makalah ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi serta pemahaman kepada semua tentang budaya ekonomi digital.

Saya pun menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan pada makalah ini, oleh karena itu saya membutuhkan kritik dan saran dari semua pihak yang lebih mengerti agar makalah ini mencapai kesempurnaan.

Akhir kata saya ucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu saya dalam penyusunan makalah ini dari awal sampai akhir. Semoga apa yang telah kita usahakan di ridhoi oleh Allah SWT. Amin.











DAFTAR ISI



Pernyataan.......................................................................................................i
Kata pengantar................................................................................................ii
Daftar isi.........................................................................................................iii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN........................................................................................1
1.      Latar belakang.....................................................................................1
2.      Tujuan.................................................................................................1
3.      Sasaran................................................................................................1

BAB 2 PERMASALAHAN.....................................................................................2
1.      Kekuatan............................................................................................2
2.      Kelemahan..........................................................................................2
3.      Peluang...............................................................................................2
4.      Tantanga/hambatan.............................................................................2

BAB 3 KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI.....................................................3
Kesimpulan................................................................................................................3
Rekomendasi..............................................................................................................3








Bab I . Pendahuluan
1.      Latar belakang

Tapscott di tahun 1998 memperkenalkan konsep mengenai digital ekonomi, penjelasannya yaitu sebuah sosio politik dan system ekonomi yang mempunyai karakteristik sebagai sebuah ruang intelijen, meliput informasi, berbagai akses instrument informasi dan pemrosesan informasi dan kapasitas komunikasi. Keberadaan ekonomi digital ditandai dengan semakin banyaknya bisnis maupun transaksi perdagangan yang memanfaatkan akses internet sebagai komunikasi dan sarana kerjasama antar perusahaan.
Perkembangan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi akhir-akhir ini telah menjalar hampir ke semua aspek kehidupan manusia. Semua itu terjadi karena informasi dan komunikasi merupakan kebutuhan yang paling mendasar dalam kehidupan manusia. Dengan kata lain, teknologi sudah menyangkut masalah ekonomi.
Ekonomi digital merujuk kepada perubahan menyeluruh pada semua sector ekonomi yang disebabkan oleh digitalisasi informasi, dan semua itu di kendalikan oleh computer. Ekonomi digital bias juga berarti sebagai penggunaan secara luas terhadap teknologi informasi. Ekonomi digital meliputi barang dan jasa yang di dalam proses pengembangan, produksi, penjualan dan penyediaannya memiliki ketergantungan yang erat dengan teknologi digital
Kreatifitas individu dan teknologi informasi merupakan factor penting yang menentukan pencapaian kesuksesan dalam ekonomi digital. Inovasi-inovasi yang konstan dan berkelanjutan perlu dilakukan untuk mencapai kesuksesan dalam ekonomi digital, oleh karena itu dibutuhkannya kemampuan individu.

2.      Tujuan

§  Menyelesaikan tugas perkuliahan dalam mata kuliah Ilmu Budaya Dasar
§  Memberikan informasi kepada semua orang (pembaca)
§  Menambah pengetahuan tentang perekonomian digital

3.      Sasaran

§  Makalah ini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan masukan
§  Mengajarkan tentang pentingnya ekonomi digital
§  Memberikan wawasan tentang perekonomian digital

Bab II. Permasalahan

1.      Kekuatan (Strenght)

a.       Kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi sudah menyangkut semua aspek kehidupan manusia
b.      Berkembangnya teknologi intenet
c.       Semakin maju nya masyarakat Indonesia
d.      Transaksi digital yang semakin berkembang

2.      Kelemahan (Weakness)

a.       Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah masih relative kurang menguntungkan entrepreneur yang berkecimpung di dunia e-business
b.      Konektivitas di Indonesia masih terlampau jauh dari Negara-negara lain
c.       Penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi di bidang ekonomi digital masih di dominasi oleh masyarakat kalangan menengah keatas
d.      Minimnya kepercayaan konsumen untuk melakukan transaksi online


3.      Peluang (Opportunity)

a.       Sangat terbukanya peluang bisnis dengan media internet
b.      Memberikan kemudahan transaksi dalam kehidupan masyarakat
c.       Mempercepat pembentukan masyarakat digital
d.      Minat masyarakat yang besar untuk mengenal system teknologi informasi dan komunikasi akan memberkan dampak terhadap kemajuan suatu Negara

4.      Tantangan (Threats)

a.       Harus bisa memberikan kepercayaan, rasa aman dan nyaman bagi setiap orang yang ingin melakukan transaksi online
b.      Harus bisa meningkatkan penetrasi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi di kalangan masyarakat menengah kebawah
c.       Memberikan pemahaman tentang ekonomi digital kepada masyarakat agar masyarakat tidak buta terhadap teknologi informasi dan komunikasi
d.      Pola penggunaan ekonomi digital





Bab III. Kesimpulan dan Rekomendasi

1.      Kesimpulan

a.       Kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi sudah menyangkut semua aspek kehidupan manusia
b.      Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah masih relative kurang menguntungkan entrepreneur yang berkecimpung di dunia e-business
c.       Memberikan kemudahan transaksi dalam kehidupan masyarakat
d.      Memberikan pemahaman tentang ekonomi digital kepada masyarakat agar masyarakat tidak buta terhadap teknologi informasi dan komunikasi


2.      Rekomendasi

a.       Kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi sudah hamper dirasakan oleh setiap masyarakat
b.      Mempercepat pembentukan masyarakat digital
c.       Memberikan kepercayaan, rasa aman dan nyaman kepada setiap orang yang ingin bertransaksi online
d.      Saat ini pemerintah masih focus pada kebijakan ekonomi yang bersifat fiskal
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Rabu, 21 November 2012

BAGAN IBD BAB 9


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BAGAN IBD BAB 8


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bagan IBD BAB 7



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Senin, 22 Oktober 2012

Old Traffod

Old Trafford is a football stadium in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, and the home of Manchester United. With a capacity of 75,765,[1] Old Trafford is the second-largest football stadium in England after Wembley, the third-largest in the United Kingdom and the eleventh-largest in Europe. The stadium is approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from Old Trafford Cricket Ground and the adjacent tram station.
The ground, nicknamed the Theatre of Dreams by Bobby Charlton, has been United's permanent residence since 1910, with the exception of an eight-year absence from 1941 to 1949, following the bombing of the stadium during the Second World War. During this period, the club shared Maine Road with local rivals Manchester City. The ground underwent several expansions in the 1990s and 2000s, including the addition of extra tiers to the North, West and East Stands, which served to return the ground almost to its original capacity of 80,000. Future expansion is likely to involve the addition of a second tier to the South Stand, which would raise the capacity to over 90,000. The stadium's record attendance was recorded in 1939, when 76,962 spectators watched the FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town.
The ground has frequently hosted FA Cup semi-final matches as a neutral venue and several England international fixtures while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction. It also hosted matches at the 1966 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996, as well as the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final. Aside from football-related uses, Old Trafford has hosted rugby league's Super League Grand Final since the league's adoption of playoffs in 1998 and the final of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. The stadium was one of several outside Greater London to host football matches during the 2012 Summer Olympics, including women's international football for the first time in the stadium's history.

Construction and early years

A bronze statue of a bald man wearing a suit. His right hand is on his right hip and he is holding a football to his left hip.
The statue of Sir Matt Busby, overlooking the East Stand forecourt
Before 1902, Manchester United were known as Newton Heath, during which time they first played their football matches at North Road and then Bank Street in Clayton. However, both grounds were blighted by wretched conditions, the pitches ranging from gravel to marsh, while Bank Street suffered from clouds of fumes from its neighbouring factories.[2] Therefore, following the club's rescue from near-bankruptcy and renaming, the new chairman John Henry Davies decided in 1909 that the Bank Street ground was not fit for a team that had recently won the First Division and FA Cup, so he donated funds for the construction of a new stadium.[3] Not one to spend money frivolously, Davies scouted around Manchester for an appropriate site, before settling on a patch of land adjacent to the Bridgewater Canal, just off the north end of the Warwick Road in Old Trafford.[4]
Designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch, who designed several other stadia, the ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered.[5] Including the purchase of the land, the construction of the stadium was originally to have cost £60,000 all told. However, as costs began to rise, to reach the intended capacity would have cost an extra £30,000 over the original estimate and, at the suggestion of club secretary J. J. Bentley, the capacity was reduced to approximately 80,000.[6][7] Nevertheless, at a time when transfer fees were still around the £1,000 mark, the cost of construction only served to reinforce the club's "Moneybags United" epithet, with which they had been tarred since Davies had taken over as chairman.[8]
In May 1908, Archibald Leitch wrote to the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) – who had a rail depot adjacent to the proposed site for the football ground – in an attempt to persuade them to subsidise construction of the grandstand alongside the railway line. The subsidy would have come to the sum of £10,000, to be paid back at the rate of £2,000 per annum for five years or half of the gate receipts for the grandstand each year until the loan was repaid. However, despite guarantees for the loan coming from the club itself and two local breweries, both chaired by club chairman John Henry Davies, the Cheshire Lines Committee turned the proposal down.[9] The CLC had planned to build a new station adjacent to the new stadium, with the promise of an anticipated £2,750 per annum in fares offsetting the £9,800 cost of building the station. The station – Trafford Park – was eventually built, but further down the line than originally planned.[4] The CLC later constructed a modest station with one timber-built platform immediately adjacent to the stadium and this opened on 21 August 1935. It was initially named United Football Ground,[10] but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936. It was served on match days only by a shuttle service of steam trains from Manchester Central railway station.[11] It is currently known as Manchester United Football Ground.[12]
Construction was carried out by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester[13] and development was completed in late 1909. The stadium hosted its inaugural game on 19 February 1910, with United playing host to Liverpool. However, the home side were unable to provide their fans with a win to mark the occasion, as Liverpool won 4–3. A journalist at the game reported the stadium as "the most handsomest [sic], the most spacious and the most remarkable arena I have ever seen. As a football ground it is unrivalled in the world, it is an honour to Manchester and the home of a team who can do wonders when they are so disposed".[14]
Before the construction of Wembley Stadium in 1923, the FA Cup Final was hosted by a number of different grounds around England including Old Trafford.[15] The first of these was the 1911 FA Cup Final replay between Bradford City and Newcastle United, after the original tie at Crystal Palace finished as a no-score draw after extra time. Bradford won 1–0, the goal scored by Jimmy Speirs, in a match watched by 58,000 people.[16] The ground's second FA Cup Final was the 1915 final between Sheffield United and Chelsea. Sheffield United won the match 3–0 in front of nearly 50,000 spectators, most of whom were in the military, leading to the final being nicknamed "the Khaki Cup Final".[17] On 27 December 1920, Old Trafford played host to its largest pre-Second World War attendance for a United league match, as 70,504 spectators watched the Red Devils lose 3–1 to Aston Villa.[18] The ground hosted its first international football match later that decade, when England lost 1–0 to Scotland in front of 49,429 spectators on 17 April 1926.[19][20] Unusually, the record attendance at Old Trafford is not for a Manchester United home game. Instead, on 25 March 1939, 76,962 people watched an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town.[21]

Wartime bombing

In 1936, as part of a £35,000 refurbishment, an 80-yard-long roof was added to the United Road stand (now the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand) for the first time,[22] while roofs were added to the south corners in 1938.[23] Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Old Trafford was requisitioned by the military to be used as a depot.[24] Football continued to be played at the stadium, but a German bombing raid on Trafford Park on 22 December 1940 damaged the stadium to the extent that a Christmas day fixture against Stockport County had to be switched to Stockport's ground.[24] Football resumed at Old Trafford on 8 March 1941, but another German raid on 11 March 1941 destroyed much of the stadium, notably the main stand (now the South Stand), forcing the club's operations to move to Cornbrook Cold Storage, owned by United chairman James W. Gibson.[24] After pressure from Gibson, the War Damage Commission granted Manchester United £4,800 to remove the debris and £17,478 to rebuild the stands.[22] During the reconstruction of the stadium, Manchester United played their "home" games at Maine Road, the home of their cross-town rivals, Manchester City, at a cost of £5,000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts.[25] The club was now £15,000 in debt, not helped by the rental of Maine Road, and the Labour MP for Stoke, Ellis Smith, petitioned the Government to increase the club's compensation package, but it was in vain.[22] Though Old Trafford was reopened, albeit without cover, in 1949, it meant that a league game had not been played at the stadium for nearly 10 years.[26] United's first game back at Old Trafford was played on 24 August 1949, as 41,748 spectators witnessed a 3–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers.[27]

Completion of the master plan

A roof was restored to the Main Stand by 1951 and, soon after, the three remaining stands were covered, the operation culminating with the addition of a roof to the Stretford End (now the West Stand) in 1959.[23] The club also invested £40,000 in the installation of proper floodlighting, so that they would be able to use the stadium for the European games that were played in the late evening of weekdays, instead of having to play at Maine Road. In order to avoid obtrusive shadows being cast on the pitch, two sections of the Main Stand roof were cut away.[22] The first match to be played under floodlights at Old Trafford was a First Division match between Manchester United and Bolton Wanderers on 25 March 1957.[13]
However, although the spectators would now be able to see the players at night, they still suffered from the problem of obstructed views caused by the pillars that supported the roofs. With the 1966 FIFA World Cup fast approaching, this prompted the United directors to completely redesign the United Road (north) stand. The old roof pillars were replaced in 1965 with modern-style cantilevering on top of the roof, allowing every spectator a completely unobstructed view,[23] while it was also expanded to hold 20,000 spectators (10,000 seated and 10,000 standing in front) at a cost of £350,000.[28] The architects of the new stand, Mather and Nutter (now Atherden Fuller),[13] rearranged the organisation of the stand to have terracing at the front, a larger seated area towards the back, and the first private boxes at a British football ground. The east stand – the only remaining uncovered stand – was developed in the same style in 1973.[29] With the first two stands converted to cantilevers, the club's owners devised a long-term plan to do the same to the other two stands and convert the stadium into a bowl-like arena.[30] Such an undertaking would serve to increase the atmosphere within the ground by containing the crowd's noise and focusing it onto the pitch, where the players would feel the full effects of a capacity crowd.[31] Meanwhile, the stadium hosted its third FA Cup Final, hosting 62,078 spectators for the replay of the 1970 final between Chelsea and Leeds United; Chelsea won the match 2–1. The ground also hosted the second leg of the 1968 Intercontinental Cup, which saw Estudiantes de La Plata win the cup after a 1–1 draw.[32] The 1970s saw the dramatic rise of football hooliganism in Britain,[33] and a knife-throwing incident in 1971 forcing the club to erect the country's first perimeter fence, restricting fans from the Old Trafford pitch.[28]
1973 saw the completion of the roof around the circumference of the stadium, along with the addition of 5,500 seats to the Scoreboard End and the replacement of the old manual scoreboard with an electronic one in the north-east corner. Then, in 1975, a £3 million expansion was begun, starting with the addition of the Executive Suite to the Main Stand. The suite's restaurant overlooked the pitch, but the view was still obstructed by the roof pillars. Therefore, in kind with the roofs of the United Road Stand and the Scoreboard End, the Main Stand roof was replaced with a cantilever design. The Executive Suite and cantilever roof were then extended to the full length of the stand, allowing for the relocation of the club offices from the south-east corner to the Main Stand. The south-east quadrant was then removed and replaced in 1985 with a seated section bringing the total seating capacity of the stadium to 25,686 (56,385 overall). The completion of the cantilever roof around three sides of the stadium allowed for the replacement of the old floodlight pylons, and the attachment of a row of floodlights around the inner rim of the roof in 1987.

Conversion to all-seater

The Stretford End before its redevelopment in the early 1990s
With every subsequent improvement made to the ground since the Second World War, the capacity steadily declined. By the 1980s, the capacity had dropped from the original 80,000 to approximately 60,000. The capacity dropped still further in 1990, when the Taylor Report recommended, and the government demanded that all First and Second Division stadia be converted to all-seaters. This meant that £3–5 million plans to replace the Stretford End with a brand new stand with an all-standing terrace at the front and a cantilever roof to link with the rest of the ground had to be drastically altered.[13] This forced redevelopment, including the removal of the terraces at the front of the other three stands, not only increased the cost to around £10 million, but also reduced the capacity of Old Trafford to an all-time low of around 44,000.[34] In addition, the club was told in 1992 that they would only receive £1.4 million of a possible £2 million from the Football Trust to be put towards work related to the Taylor Report.[35]
The redeveloped East Stand was opened at the beginning of the 2000–01 season.
The club's resurgence in success and increase in popularity in the early 1990s ensured that further development would have to occur. In 1995, the 30-year-old North Stand was demolished and work quickly began on a new stand,[36] to be ready in time for Old Trafford to host three group games, a quarter-final and a semi-final at Euro 96. The club purchased the Trafford Park trading estate, a 20-acre (81,000 m2) site on the other site of United Road, for £9.2 million in March 1995. Construction began in June 1995 and was completed by May 1996, with the first two of the three phases of the stand opening during the season. Designed by Atherden Fuller, with Hilstone Laurie as project and construction managers and Campbell Reith Hill as structural engineers, the new three-tiered stand cost a total of £18.65 million to build and had a capacity of about 25,500, raising the capacity of the entire ground to more than 55,000. The cantilever roof would also be the largest in Europe, measuring 58.5 m (192 ft) from the back wall to the front edge.[37] Further success over the next few years guaranteed yet more development. First, a second tier was added to the East Stand. Opened in January 2000, the stadium's capacity was temporarily increased to about 61,000 until the opening of the West Stand's second tier, which added yet another 7,000 seats, bringing the capacity to 68,217. It was now not only the biggest club stadium in England but the biggest in all of the United Kingdom.[38] Old Trafford hosted its first major European final three years later, playing host to the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final between Milan and Juventus.
From 2001 to 2007, following the demolition of the old Wembley Stadium, the England national football team was forced to play its games elsewhere. During that time, the team toured the country, playing their matches at various grounds from Villa Park in Birmingham to St James' Park in Newcastle. From 2003 to 2007, Old Trafford hosted 12 of England's 23 home matches, more than any other stadium. The latest international to be held at Old Trafford was England's 1–0 loss to Spain on 7 February 2007.[39] The match was played in front of a crowd of 58,207.[40]

2006 expansion

Peter Oldfield-Edwards' scale model of Old Trafford on display in the club museum in March 2010
Old Trafford's most recent expansion, which took place between July 2005 and May 2006, saw an increase of around 8,000 seats with the addition of second tiers to both the north-west and north-east quadrants of the ground.[30] Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.[41] The record continued to be pushed upwards before reaching its current peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, meaning that just 114 seats (0.15% of the total capacity of 76,212) were left unoccupied.[42] In 2009, a reorganisation of the seating in the stadium resulted in a reduction of the capacity by 255 to 75,957, meaning that the club's home attendance record would stand at least until the next expansion.[43][44]
Old Trafford during a match at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Old Trafford celebrated its 100th anniversary on 19 February 2010. In recognition of the occasion, Manchester United's official website ran a feature in which a memorable moment from the stadium's history was highlighted on each of the 100 days leading up to the anniversary.[45] From these 100 moments, the top 10 were chosen by a panel including club statistician Cliff Butler, journalist David Meek, and former players Pat Crerand and Wilf McGuinness.[46] At Old Trafford itself, an art competition was run for pupils from three local schools to create their own depictions of the stadium in the past, present and future.[47] Winning paintings were put on permanent display on the concourse of the Old Trafford family stand, and the winners will be presented with awards by artist Harold Riley on 22 February.[48] An exhibition about the stadium at the club museum was opened by former goalkeeper Jack Crompton and chief executive David Gill on 19 February.[48] The exhibition highlights the history of the stadium and features memorabilia from its past, including a programme from the inaugural match and a 1:220 scale model hand-built by model artist Peter Oldfield-Edwards.[49] Finally, at Manchester United's home match against Fulham on 14 March, fans at the game received a replica copy of the programme from the first Old Trafford match, and half-time saw relatives of the players who took part in the first game – as well as those of the club chairman John Henry Davies and stadium architect Archibald Leitch – taking part in the burial of a time capsule of Manchester United memorabilia near the centre tunnel.[50] Only relatives of winger Billy Meredith, wing-half Dick Duckworth and club secretary Ernest Mangnall could not be found.[51]
Old Trafford was used as a venue for several matches in the football competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[52] The stadium hosted five group games, a quarter-final and a semi-final in the men's tournament, and one group game and a semi-final in the women's tournament,[53] the first women's international matches to be played there.[54]

Structure and facilities

See also: Stretford End
A plan of the layout of Old Trafford. The shaded area indicates the section designated for away fans.
The Old Trafford pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as the Sir Alex Ferguson (North), East, South and West Stands. Each stand has at least two tiers,[55] with the exception of the South Stand, which only has one tier due to construction restrictions. The lower tier of each stand is split into Lower and Upper sections, the Lower sections having been converted from terracing in the early 1990s.
The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand, formerly known as the United Road stand and the North Stand, runs over the top of United Road. The stand is three tiers tall, and can hold about 26,000 spectators, the most of the four stands. It can also accommodate a few fans in executive boxes and hospitality suites.[56] It opened in its current state in 1996, having previously been a single-tiered stand. As the ground's main stand, it houses many of the ground's more popular facilities, including the Red Café (a Manchester United theme restaurant/bar) and the Manchester United museum and trophy room. Originally opened in 1986 as the first of its kind in the world,[57] the Manchester United museum was in the south-east corner of the ground until it moved to the redeveloped North Stand in 1998. The museum was opened by Pelé on 11 April 1998, since when numbers of visitors have jumped from 192,000 in 1998 to more than 300,000 visitors in 2009.[58][59] The North Stand was renamed as the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand on 5 November 2011, in honour of Alex Ferguson's 25 years as manager of the club.[60]
Opposite the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand is the South Stand, formerly Old Trafford's main stand. Although only a single-tiered stand, the South Stand contains most of the ground's executive suites,[61] and also plays host to any VIPs who may come to watch the match. Members of the media are seated in the middle of the Upper South Stand to give them the best view of the match. The television gantry is also in the South Stand, so the South Stand is the one that gets shown on television least often.[23] Television studios are located at either end of the South Stand, with the club's in-house television station, MUTV, in the East studio and other television stations, such as the BBC and Sky, in the West studio.
The dugout is in the centre of the South Stand, raised above pitch level to give the manager and his coaches an elevated view of the game. Each team's dugout flanks the old players' tunnel, which was used until 1993. The old tunnel is the only remaining part of the original 1910 stadium, having survived the bombing that destroyed much of the stadium during the Second World War.[62] On 6 February 2008, the tunnel was renamed the Munich Tunnel, as a memorial for the 50th anniversary of the 1958 Munich air disaster.[63] The current tunnel is in the South-West corner of the ground, and doubles as an entrance for the emergency services. In the event that large vehicles require access, the seating above the tunnel can be raised by up to 25 feet (7.6 m).[64] The tunnel leads up to the players' dressing room, via the television interview area, and the players' lounge.
The West Stand, with its mosaic of seats displaying the stand's colloquial name
Perhaps the best-known stand at Old Trafford is the West Stand, also known as the Stretford End. Traditionally, the stand is where the hard-core United fans are located, and also the ones who make the most noise.[65] Originally designed to hold 20,000 fans, the Stretford End was the last stand to be covered and also the last remaining all-terraced stand at the ground before the forced upgrade to seating in the early 1990s. The reconstruction of the Stretford End, which took place during the 1992–93 season, was carried out by Alfred McAlpine.[66] When the second tier was added to the Stretford End in 2000, many fans from the old "K Stand" moved there, and decided to hang banners and flags from the barrier at the front of the tier. So ingrained in Manchester United culture is the Stretford End, that Denis Law was given the nickname "King of the Stretford End", and there is now a statue of Law on the concourse of the stand's upper tier.[67]
The Manchester United club shop has had six different locations since it was first opened. Originally, the shop was a small hut near to the railway line that runs alongside the ground. The shop was then moved along the length of the South Stand, stopping first opposite where away fans enter the ground, and then residing in the building that would later become the club's merchandising office. A surge in the club's popularity in the early 1990s led to another move, this time to the forecourt of the West Stand. With this move came a great expansion and the conversion from a small shop to a "megastore". Alex Ferguson opened the new megastore on 3 December 1994.[68] The most recent moves came in the late 1990s, as the West Stand required room to expand to a second tier, and that meant the demolition of the megastore. The store was moved to a temporary site opposite the East Stand, before taking up a 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2) permanent residence in the ground floor of the expanded East Stand in 2000.[69] The floor space of the current megastore is actually owned by United's kit sponsors, Nike, who operate the store.
A plaque at Old Trafford commemorating the Munich air disaster
The East Stand at Old Trafford was the second to be converted to a cantilever roof, following the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand. It is also commonly referred to as the Scoreboard End, as it was the location of the scoreboard. The East Stand can currently hold nearly 12,000 fans,[30] and is the location of both the disabled fans section and the away section; an experiment involving the relocation of away fans to the third tier of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand was conducted during the 2011–12 season, but the results of the experiments could not be ascertained in time to make the move permanent for the 2012–13 season.[70] The disabled section provides for up to 170 fans, with free seats for carers. Old Trafford was formerly divided into sections, with each section sequentially assigned a letter of the alphabet. Although every section had a letter, it is the K Stand that is the most commonly referred to today. The K Stand fans were renowned for their vocal support for the club, and a large array of chants and songs, though many of them have relocated to the second tier of the West Stand.[71]
The East Stand has a tinted glass façade, behind which the club's administrative centre is located. These offices are the home to the staff of Inside United, the official Manchester United magazine, the club's official website, and its other administrative departments. Images and advertisements are often emblazoned on the front of the East Stand, most often advertising Nike products, though a tribute to the Busby Babes was displayed in February 2008 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster. Above the megastore is a statue of Sir Matt Busby, Manchester United's longest-serving manager to date. There is also a plaque dedicated to the victims of the Munich air disaster on the south end of the East Stand, while the Munich Clock is at the junction of the East and South Stands.[13] On 29 May 2008, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Manchester United's first European Cup title, a statue of the club's "holy trinity" of George Best, Denis Law and Bobby Charlton, entitled "The United Trinity", was unveiled across Sir Matt Busby Way from the East Stand, directly opposite the statue of Busby.[72][73]
The United Trinity, a statue of Manchester United's "holy trinity" of Best, Law and Charlton
The pitch at the ground measures approximately 105 metres (115 yd) long by 68 metres (74 yd) wide,[1] with a few metres of run-off space on each side. The centre of the pitch is about nine inches higher than the edges, allowing surface water to run off more easily. As at many modern grounds, 10 inches (25 cm) under the pitch is an underground heating system, composed of 23 miles (37 km) of plastic pipes.[74] Club manager Alex Ferguson often requests that the pitch be relaid,[75][76] most notably half-way through the 1998–99 season, when the team won the Treble, at a cost of about £250,000 each time. The grass at Old Trafford is watered regularly, though less on wet days, and mowed three times a week between April and November, and once a week from November to March.[74]
The Hublot clock tower in Old Trafford's car park E1
In the mid-1980s, when Manchester United Football Club owned the Manchester Giants, Manchester's basketball franchise, there were plans to build a 9,000-seater indoor arena on the site of what is now Car Park E1. However, the chairman at the time, Martin Edwards, did not have the funds to take on such a project, and the basketball franchise was eventually sold.[77] In August 2009, the car park became home to the Hublot clock tower, a 10-metre (32 ft 10 in)-tall tower in the shape of the Hublot logo, which houses four 2-metre (6 ft 7 in)-diameter clock faces, the largest ever made by the company.[78]
The east side of the stadium is also set to become the site for a new fan base to be funded by former Manchester United captain Gary Neville. The building will be located on the east side of Sir Matt Busby Way and on the opposite side of the Manchester Ship Canal from the stadium, and will accommodate up to 1,500 supporters. It is scheduled to open for the start of the 2013–14 season. The venture is being conducted separately from the club and will be paid for in part by proceeds from Neville's testimonial match.[79]

Future

United continue to harbour plans to increase the capacity of the stadium further, with the next stage pointing to a redevelopment of the South Stand, which, unlike the rest of the stadium, remains single tier. A replication of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand development and North-East and -West Quadrants would see the stadium's capacity rise to an estimated 95,000, which would give it a greater capacity than Wembley Stadium (90,000).[80] Any such development is likely to cost around £100m, due to the proximity of the railway line that runs adjacent to the stadium, and the corresponding need to build over it and thus purchase up to 50 houses on the other side of the railway.[30] Nevertheless, the Manchester United group property manager confirmed that expansion plans are in the pipeline – linked to profits made from the club's property holdings around Manchester – saying "There is a strategic plan for the stadium ... It is not our intention to stand still".[81] One criticism of the plans, however, is that increasing the height of the South Stand would further reduce the amount of light coming onto the pitch, which has caused problems in similarly large stadia – such as Wembley Stadium, the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the San Siro; according to Alex Ferguson, the developments on the other stands have already caused problems.[82]
It has been suggested that, should such an expansion take place, Old Trafford could be used instead of Wembley for big matches such as England internationals – in order to increase the ability of fans in the north of the country to watch England play; and FA Cup semi-finals – to maintain the prestige of the national stadium for the final.[83]

Other uses

Leeds Rhinos celebrate their 2008 Super League Grand Final victory over St Helens.
Old Trafford has also been used for purposes other than football. Before the Old Trafford football stadium was built, the site was used for games of shinty, the traditional game of the Scottish Highlands.[84] During the First World War, the stadium was used by American soldiers for games of baseball and, in 1981, matches of cricket's Lambert & Butler Cup were held there.[85]
Old Trafford has played host to both codes of rugby football, although league is played there with greater regularity than union. The Super League grand final has been played at Old Trafford every year since the introduction of the playoff system in 1998;[86] the first rugby league match to be played at Old Trafford was held during the 1924–25 season, when a Lancashire representative side hosted the New Zealand national team, with Manchester United receiving 20% of the gate receipts.[19] The first league match to be held at Old Trafford came in November 1958, with Salford playing against Leeds under floodlights in front of 8,000 spectators.[85] The first rugby league Test match played at Old Trafford came in 1986, when Australia beat Great Britain 38–16 in front of 50,583 spectators.[87][88] The 1989 World Club Challenge was played at Old Trafford on 4 October 1989, with 30,768 spectators watching Widnes beat the Canberra Raiders 30–18.[89] When the Rugby League World Cup was hosted by Great Britain, Ireland and France in 2000, Old Trafford was chosen as the venue for the final; the match was contested by Australia and New Zealand and resulted in a 40–12 win for Australia, watched by 44,329 spectators.[90] Old Trafford was also chosen to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup Final.[91]
Old Trafford hosted its first rugby union international in 1997, when New Zealand defeated England 25–8. A second match was played at Old Trafford on 6 June 2009,[92] when England beat Argentina 37–15.[93] The stadium is one of 12 confirmed venues set to host matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[94] In October 1993, a WBC–WBO Super-Middleweight unification fight was held at the ground, with around 42,000 people paying to watch WBO champion Chris Eubank fight WBC champion Nigel Benn.[95]
Aside from sporting uses, several concerts have been played at Old Trafford, with such big names as Bon Jovi, Genesis, Bruce Springsteen, Status Quo, Rod Stewart and Simply Red playing. An edition of Songs of Praise was recorded there in September 1994.[85] Old Trafford is also regularly used for private functions, particularly weddings, Christmas parties and business conferences.[96] The first wedding at the ground was held in the Premier Suite in February 1996.[87]

Records

A graph of Manchester United's average attendances over the period from 1949 to 2009
The highest attendance recorded at Old Trafford was 76,962 for an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town on 25 March 1939.[21] However, this was before the ground was converted to an all-seater stadium, allowing many more people to fit into the stadium. Old Trafford's record attendance as an all-seater stadium currently stands at 76,098, set at a Premier League game between Manchester United and Blackburn Rovers on 31 March 2007.[21] This is also the Premier League's record attendance.[42] Old Trafford's record attendance for a non-competitive game is 74,731, set on 5 August 2011 for a pre-season testimonial between Manchester United and New York Cosmos.[97] The lowest recorded attendance at a competitive game at Old Trafford in the post-War era was 11,968, as United beat Fulham 3–0 on 29 April 1950.[98] However, on 7 May 1921, the ground hosted a Second Division match between Stockport County and Leicester City for which the official attendance was just 13. This figure is slightly misleading as the ground also contained many of the 10,000 spectators who had stayed behind after watching the match between Manchester United and Derby County earlier that day.[99]
The highest average attendance at Old Trafford over a league season was 75,826, set in the 2006–07 season.[100] The greatest total attendance at Old Trafford came two seasons later, as 2,197,429 people watched Manchester United win the Premier League for the third year in a row, the League Cup, and reach the final of the UEFA Champions League and the semi-finals of the FA Cup.[101] The lowest average attendance at Old Trafford came in the 1930–31 season, when an average of 11,685 spectators watched each game.[102]

Transport

Adjacent to the South Stand of the stadium is Manchester United Football Ground railway station. The station is between the Deansgate and Trafford Park stations on the Southern Route of Northern Rail's Liverpool to Manchester line, and is only open on matchdays.[103] The ground is also serviced by both the Altrincham and Eccles lines of the Manchester Metrolink network, with the nearest stops being Exchange Quay at nearby Salford Quays, and Old Trafford, which it shares with the Old Trafford Cricket Ground. Both stops are a five-minute walk from the football ground.[104]
Buses 255 and 256, which are run by Stagecoach Manchester and 263, which is run by Arriva North West run from Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester to Chester Road, stopping near Sir Matt Busby Way, while Stagecoach's 250 service stop outside Old Trafford on Wharfside Way and X50 service stops across from Old Trafford on Water's Reach.[105] There are also additional match buses on the 255 service, which run between Old Trafford and Manchester city centre.[106] Other services that serve Old Trafford are Arriva's 79 service (Stretford-Swinton), which stops on Chester Road and 245 (Altrincham-Exchange Quay), which stops on Trafford Wharf Road, plus First Greater Manchester service 53 (Cheetham-Pendleton) and Stagecoach's 84 service (Withington Hospital-Manchester), which stop at nearby Trafford Bar Metrolink station.[105] Visitors to the ground travelling by car can park in any of the ground's car parks, which are all within 0.5 miles (0.8 km) of the stadium.

See also

References

Bibliography
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